The Objectives of establishing International Monetary Fund, with reference of members countries

                     All praise is due to Allah, may peace, salutation and the blessing be upon The prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), his entire family, his companions and those that follow their footsteps with righteous until the last day. Indeed International Monetary Fund know as IMF was created in 1946 but initiated at the Bretton Woods Newhamshire meeting in July 1944, moreover IMF comprises of delegates from 44 countries. International Monetary Fund play a vital role in our exchange rate stability and working very hard to ensure the international Monetary System is stabilized among the member countries; via removing of all the restriction on the international trade, orderly adjustment of balance of payment (BOP) disproportions. IMF also lend money to those having problem with their balance of payment and make the general fund available to the member countries. Furthermore it was created to prevent a return of the international finance from state of total confusion with preceded some ways precipitated world war two. In 1930s, many nations follow their neighbor “begging’ economic policies, cutting the value of their currency, restricting purchases from overseas in order to save scarce of exchange etc.

                        The role or Objective of International Monetary Fund (IMF) as noted in their agreement, IMF must contribute or facilitate to the following:

•       The international Monetary Co-Operation among the members.
•       To eliminate exchange control among the member countries.
•       To establish the multilateral trade and payment among the members countries.
•        To the expansion of fund and balance growth among member countries.
•       The balance of growth of our trade among the member countries.
•       To prevent bad economic policies among member nations.
•       To ensure the exchange stability among the members countries.
•        To correct our balance of payment system maladjustments.
•       The investment of our capital among the members countries and promote confident between them.

               Firstly IMF also promote monetary cooperation and collaboration within the members’ countries, regarding monetary problem through permanent institute that provides a machine for the meeting or consultation and collaboration in different global monetary issues and problem.  

                Secondly IMF prevent exchange restrictions and trade barriers in within the members’ countries and establish multilateral system of payment. To eliminate exchange restriction imposed almost very countries; this was done before World War II as a device to intentionally fix the exchange rate at a specific level and to encourage the flows of international trade among the member countries. Moreover multilateral system of payment was designed to replace old system of bilateral trade agreements in our current transaction among the member countries.

                  Thirdly IMF facilitate the expansion and balance growth of our worldwide trade contribute immensely to the real incentive, productive capacity and employment. For that reason it also support to attain balance growth via our exchange level of employment which immensely help the member countries to boom up their economy; particularly a country with level of growth and employment rates.

                    Fourthly IMF prevent bad economic policies in particular, which in order way may lead to financial crisis of a particular country. Moreover these policies contribute immensely in managing the economic situation of a member countries more efficiently. Eventually IMF provide training and assistance, wanting to strengthen the institutional and human capacity of a particular member countries. Furthermore this is very significant to those countries that fail in their past policy, scarce resources or weak institutions.

                      Fifthly Moreover IMF stabilized exchange and orderly exchange arrangements however prevent competitive currency depreciation or devaluation. Besides it’s stabilize the currencies and then strengthen the economic condition of growth of the member countries. The International monetary fund expect the loans given to a member countries to be pay back and embark on the structural fine-tuning policies made via monitored by the Internal Monetary Fund (Investopedia, 2018)

                                   

                     Furthermore IMF promote or facilitate a confident among the member countries by means of taking sufficient measures to defend both international and national headway. Moreover International monetary fund facilitate the continue flow of capital from develop countries to under develop countries from their resources for attaining higher standard of living of its citizens also from the capital flow from the richer to the poorer as a general.   (Jonathan E. Sanford and Martin A. Weiss, 2004)

                   The international Monetary Fund (IMF) has indeed make a successful achievement in implementing the above mention objectives they play so far in our monetary system internationally.  Moreover IMF become successful in certain area as follows:

•       IMF has achieved the expansion of fund and creating sufficient provision of credit for the developing member countries throughout the global. 
•       They ensure the attaining exchange stability of the member countries.
•       IMF also attain the expansion of world trading system.
•       They also play significant role in raising the international liquidity.
•       IMF have attained in given help especially in term difficulties.
•       IMF eventually succeeded in eliminating international monetary system, moreover setting up the multilateral trade and payment system.
•       The IMF likewise eliminate the short-term disequilibrium of our balance of payments system.

      Furthermore IMF succeeded in checking competitive currency depreciation besides setting up machinery for their consultation as a result to provide export guidance in formulating both of its financial and fiscal policies of their member countries.  (Suman, 2017)

                     The example of its member countries that International Monetary Fund has successfully attained their objective are as follows.

•   India is among the member of IMF, it is evident that International Monetary Fund has been instrumental in assisting India in regard to balance of payment Issues they are experience in two occasions. Moreover this was noted in 1981-1982, has result India borrowed SDR 3.9 billion which was under the extended fund Facility as the largest agreement in International Monetary Fund. India in 1991-93 has borrowed SDR 2.2 billion under standby agreement. Furthermore India borrow SDR 1.4 billion in 1991 which under compensatory Finance Facility. (India, 2015)
•        International Monetary Fund has also help Ghana in their economic Sector and development.
•       International Monetary Fund have help The Gambia in there Micro financial linkages persist the between the banks, the public sector and Banking Sector characteristics and Risk. 

                           In conclusion, IMF indeed has contributed immensely in making the monetary system conducive  for the member countries via   eliminating international monetary system and implement multilateral trade and payment system, the short-term disequilibrium; making exchange stability as well as expanding the fund with adequate of credit for developing nations. Moreover prevent bad economic policies perhaps may lead to financial crisis and trade barriers and exchange restrictions for the betterment of the member countries.

                                                              Jazakallahu khairan

References

India. (2015, November 16). India and the IMF. Retrieved from At a Glance - India and the IMF: http://www.At a Glance - India and the IMF.htm

Investopedia. (2018, September 11). How does the International Monetary Fund function. Retrieved November 16, 2018, from http://www.How does the International Monetary Fund function%20%20%20 Investopedia.htm

Jonathan E. Sanford and Martin A. Weiss. (2004). International Monetary Fund: Organization, Functions, and Role in the International Economy. Washington, D.C.: CRS Web.

saab, K. (2012, August 8). Easy Notes and Assignments. Retrieved from Write a note on the IMF or objective and functions of the IMF: http://www.Write a note on the IMF or objective and functions of the IMF.htm

Suman, S. (2017, July 11). Economic Discussion. Retrieved from 15 Major Achievements of International Monetary Fund: http://www.15 Major Achievements of International Monetary Fund.htm

Fasting of Aashura its benefits;the different levels of fasting and Prophet follow the Jews in this practice or was he divinely istructed?

                All praise is due to Allah, may peace, salutation and the blessing be upon the prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), his entire family, his companions and those that follow their footsteps with righteous until the last day. Indeed, Muharram is a significance in live of Muslims from the number of diverse perspectives and as such should reflect on it importance in our lives. So that we able to extract from the month from the opportunity that has given us in this month the maximum benefit because as a Muslim should always be keen, eager, committed looking for maximum benefit that we can take from each and every aspect our lives because on the day of judgment when we are resurrected we will be ask about our lives and how we spend these lives.

              Allah (S.W.T) give us guidance in surah: “indeed the number of months is twelve with Allah recoded in the book of Allah from the day he created the heaven and earth four of them are secret that is accordant with the true religion so do not wrong yourselves them.” (Quran suratul tawba verse 36)

               Furthermore, He choose the four month to be secret with special characteristics distinguishing them from the other months as it off cost cause Allah’s will to distinguishing days, year etc.  He make distinctions which ultimately ways and means for him to spread his grace on the believers to give them opportunity to earn additional reward for the same things they do in other places, other  times etc. this is from his mercy and it is important to understand from his mercy.

BENEFIT OF ASHURA

               Firstly, Allah choose among it days, one day which will have an additional rewards that days is day knows as Ashura the 10^th of this month al Muharram prophet (ﷺ) said: “For fasting the day of ‘Ashura’, I hope that Allah will accept it as expiation for the year that went before.” (Muslim 1976)

               Secondly, scholars did clarified this point of forgiveness of sins, this is in fact  reference to the minor sins of the precious year as Arafah forgive the sins of the year to come it refers to the minor sins major sins required their expiations do what Allah has prescribed us to do to remove that from us or seeking his forgiveness in particular and this Ashura fasting this day remove the sins of the previous year  but has we spoke of about Ramadan removing an expiating sins between in Ramadan to Ramadan, that only happens when we fast in accordant to the way of prophet (ﷺ) not the fast we have traditionally done according to  what we have inherited from our four fathers, customs of our countries.

               Thirdly, other days we spoke of Monday, Thursday, three days, 13, 14 and 15 those are the days of the four moon the fasting of those days only benefit according to the same principle. Fasting is a way of life, its strengthen our wills to obey Allah, this is what we said is one the core benefit of fasting because is a month which focuses the remembrance of Allah; when we give up what halal for the Seek of Allah for those day light hours of the Ramadan that is supposed to strength to be able to be more consistently give up what is haram, what Allah has declare forbidden   that is the goal or intend we need it all year long.

DIFFERENT LEVEL OF FASTING

               There are different types of prescribed prophet (ﷺ) which as follow:

      Al-muharram ( that is: Ashura you can choose 3 days: 9^th, 10^th and 11^th;

      Ramadan

      10^th of dhul hijjah

      Shaban (i.e. Mondays and Thursdays 13^th, 14^th and 15^th of every month of the lunar calendar out of them solar calendar this is about the third of the month we spend on fasting this is way of the prophet (ﷺ).  He consistently fasted)

      Shawwal  (fasting six days during Shawwal)

      Arafah (fasting on the standing day of Arafah) etc.

               there are  among the great of paradise is a gate which would only entered by those who regularly fast not those who do Ramadan al-rayd, those who have understood the goal of Ramadan and made it part and pursued of their lives. This month an extract reminder is their idhul-Hijjah, Arafah. The shawwal  we had the six days Allah lives scared in the rest of the year  make fasting a way of life. Fasting in Ramadan is rewarded greater then fasting in any other month but after Ramadan is al-muharram. It is not recorded that you fast the all month of al-muharram not authentically there are fabricated hadiths. We know prophet (ﷺ) recommended fasting in every week two days.

DID PROPHET FOLLOW THE JEWS PRACTICE

                 Ashura the 10^th is the highly recommended day for fasting prophet (ﷺ) said: “fast on the day of Ashura but contradict the way of the Jews, fast before it a day along with it and after it a day” so we are encourage too fast 9th, 10^th or 10^th the 11^th. Fasting on the 10^th according Ibn Abbas (PBUH) narrated: “came to Madina and saw the Jews this day said, ‘what is this is righteous day. It is the Allah (S.W.T) save Israel their enemies, musa fasted on this day: He said. We have more right to musa than you; so he fast this day and commanded [Muslim] to fast on that day. (Al-Bukhari 1865) Prophet (ﷺ) prescribed its fasting in Makah because it origin are in revelation when he when Madina. prophet (ﷺ) re affirmed that as they obligatory day for fasting for Muslims until the coming of revelation for  Ramadan when made obligatory then that day shifted to highly recommended. What we should note from this; prophet (ﷺ) while prescribing this day of fasting did remind us to distinguish ourselves from the acts of the non-Muslims we ourselves prophet (ﷺ) keep reminding us distinguish ourselves from them.

                 In conclusion, fasting help us the Muslims Fasting is a way of life, its strengthen our wills to obey Allah, this is what we said is one the core benefit of fasting because is a month which focuses the remembrance of Allah; when we give up what halal for the Seek of Allah for those day light hours of the Ramadan that is supposed to strength to be able to be more consistently give up what is haram, what Allah has declare forbidden   that is the goal or intend we need it all year long.  I ask Allah to bring us back to the way of prophet (ﷺ) to implement its guidance throughout our entire lives to give us the reward of the fast, of Ashura on the day before and the day after; I ask Allah to give us our sins, disobedience and our negligence; I ask Allah to keep us to the straight path and leave this world   firmly believing in him and worship.

Jazakallahu khair.

Bibliography

n.d. Al- Islam.org. Accessed November 27, 2018. http://www.Forty Types of Fast%20%20 Fast of the Month of Ramadhan%20 Philosophy and Ahkam%20%20 Al-Islam.org.htm.

Al-Bukhari. 1865. ASHURA .

n.d. Islam Online Archieve. Accessed November 27, 2018. http://www.archive.islamonline.net.htm.

n.d. IslamiCity. Accessed November 27, 2018. http://www.Fasting the Day of 'Ashura' - IslamiCity.htm_2.htm.

Muslim. 1976. Ashura.

Quran. suratul tawba verse 36.

n.d. Quran& Hadees . Accessed November 27, 2018. http://www.Arafah - Quran Hadees.htm.

What is the Definition of Taharah, its two divisions and body: Wudhu, Khuff and Gusl.

                           All praise is due to Allah, may peace, salutation and the blessing be upon the prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), his entire family, his companions and those that follow their footsteps with righteous until the last day. Indeed “tahara” is beautiful word which Allah (S.W.T) has provide us with to clean ourselves, which is said that is half of the deen (religion) which is pleasing to the ears and interestingly it is the quality that everyone is endeavoring to uphold in our daily life. Moreover, before going further I like to first and foremost define what is “Tahara”….? Tahara is the linguistically its mean cleanliness in general term and purification means both physically and in spiritually impurities. From jurisprudentially point of opinion tahara is define as means of removal of all the impurities.

Firstly tahara is divided into two that is.

1.        Ritual (Spiritual) purity

2.       Najasah (physical Impurities)

                                           Major or Minor Ritual Impurities entail:

      Wudhu (Ablution) Minor Ritual Impurities

      Tayammum (Dry Ablution) Minor Ritual Impurities

      Istinja Major  Ritual Impurities

      Gusl Major Ritual Impurities

      Hiding depending on the particular animal. For accepted animal is Minor impurity.

                          Firstly, Wudhu is the requisite for the validation of the prayer of an individual in order the prayer to be accepted you most perform Ablution as it has been described by Allah (S.W.T) and his messenger.  Before going further let me first and foremost define what Wudhu…? Wudhu it is the cleanliness in our religion (Al Islam) essential for some act of worship. Allah (S.W.T) has said in the glorious Quran:

‘O you who have believed, when you rise to [perform] prayer, wash your faces and your forearms to the elbows and wipe over your heads and wash your feet to the ankles.’ (Quran Suratul: Ma'idah verse: 6)

Wudhu has I define above, it become an obligation (compulsory) for us as Muslim when:

      We want stand for our Salah always as a pure ritual person.

      We want to touch the glorious Quran to feed our soul with.

Moreover, as Allah (S.W.T) said in the glorious Quran: “None touch it except the purified……” (Quran Suratul: Al-Wagi' ah: 79)

There are six Obligatory act in regards to performing Wudhu

1.      The Washing the entire face when performing Wudhu.  This involve rising the mouth with water including Nose. Therefore, one’s Wudhu is void if he/ she wash one’s face without rising both the mouth and Nose with water. For the reason that ‘both’ the mouth and the nose are all belong to the face. As Allah (S.W.T) says in regards to Wudhu:  “….wash your faces…” (Quran Suratul-Mai'dah:6) moreover Allah (S.W.T) order us to wash our face during Wudhu. Beside whoever disregard washing of any part of the face, is consider to be disobedient to Allah (S.W.T). Furthermore, prophet (ﷺ) used to rising his mouth and Nose whenever he performing Ablution.

2.    Washing the forearm up to the elbow. As Allah (S.W.T) has says that: “….And your forearms to the elbow...” (Quran Suratul: Ma'idah verse: 6) it is also indicated that prophet (ﷺ) used to: “…..wash his hands (during Wudhu) until he reach the upper arms” as mention above, this indicates to us that elbow are included in performing Wudhu. (Fawzan 2005)

3.    Wiping over the head. Allah (S.W.T) has says ‘concerning about wiping over the head’ that: “…..And wiping over heads…” (Quran Suratul-Mai'dah:6) moreover, Messenger of Allah also says that:  “the ears are treated as part of the head.” (Abu Dawdu , At-Tirmidhi, Ibn Majah and Ad Daraqutni n.d.) For that motive it’s improper to abandon wiping over the head. Because it inadequate to wipe others; neglect the other aspect of it.

4.    Washing the feet and counting the ankle. As Stated by Allah (S.W.T) that: “….And wash your feet to the ankle…” (Quran Suratul-Mai'dah:6) from this we learn whenever we are performing ablution; we must wash the feet up to the ankle.

5.    Sequence. The commanded sequence has instructed by prophet (ﷺ) must be observed while in performing Wudhu. To make it clear one must the face from that forearms up to the elbow and wipe over the head and then wash the feet up to the ankle as instructed by prophet (ﷺ); it is clearly stated in this verse. Allah (S.W.T) says: “O you who have believed, when you rise to [perform] prayer, wash your faces and your forearms to the elbows and wipe over your heads and wash your feet to the ankle…” (Quran Suratul: Ma'idah verse: 6) furthermore prophet (ﷺ) says regards to following the sequence that: this an ablution without which Allah (S.W.T) will not accept the prayer. (Fawzan 2005)

6.    Succession. This is the process of washing all the organs “required” by Ablution without any defect or interval in between the two organs successfully.

REASON WHY THE FOLLOWING DO NOT NULLIFIED WUDHU

1)   Eating Camel meat…?  Ahmad (R.A.A) that: “Eating any lawful meat except camel meat is deem does not invalidate Wudhu” Rated sahih.

2)   Light sleep…? It is reported by Anas: “ The companion of the messenger would sleep by sitting while waiting for Insha prayer and pray with making Wudhu” (Guinenc 2017)

3)   Touching the skin of the opposite sex without lust..? Aisha that: “prophet (ﷺ) kiss one of her wives and went out for prayer and he did not perform Wudhu.” (Dawood Chapter 70, Hadith 179)

                                Secondly, I will like to define what khuff…? Is a thing that of which is worn upon the foot of an individual either been a leather and a like that covered the foot Etc.   Jawarab (cotton and like) and shurrab (stockings, sock).

The origin of Wiping is from Sunnah of our beloved prophet (ﷺ) here is the proof hadith of Al-mughirah bin Shu’bah (R.A.A) prophet said: “I move to remove his khuff he said, ‘…..indeed my feet were in a state of purity when I wore them.’ So he wiped over them.”  (Al-'Uthaymin 2007)

 Allah (S.W.T) said in the Quran that: “…., when you stand for prayer, wash you faces and hands up to the  elbows, and wipe your heads and feet up to the ankles.” (Al-'Uthaymin 2007)

Jabri (M.P.W.H) said: “….why did them not ask when being ignorant, for inquiry is the cure for ignorance.” (Fawzan 2005)

The period in which wiping will be valid and invalid

It is a permissible for resident to keep ”khuff” to wipe over their socks for one day and a night, likewise prophet (ﷺ) specified three days for a traveler whose journey legally permit him to shorten salah; permit for He/ She to wipe over one’s socks for three days and three night. Ali bin Abi Talib (R.A.A) said that: “The prophet (S.A.W) allowed three days and nights for the traveler and one day and night for the resident. (Muslim, Book2 "Purification" Number: 0537)  And Ubidullah b. ‘Amr and Zaid b. Abu Unaisa with the same chain of transmitters.  (Muslim, Book2 "Purification" Number: 0538)

The area which must be wipe

The upper part of the socks must be wipe as the prophet (ﷺ) did it himself with the reason, Allah (S.A.W) gave the facility to ease our burdens. On the other hand if anybody wipe the lower part is from Sunnah. Ali (R.A.A) said: “Had the religion been based on individual opinion, then underside (lower) of the khuff would have been wipe but then  I saw prophet (S.A.W) wipe over top (Upper) of his khuff”. Moreover this show us that only the upper part of the khuff is required or legislated to be wipe. (Al-'Uthaymin 2007)

Thirdly, the proof state if a lady has to unplait her hair when performing gusl  

 Women who have braids can do ghusl without having to undo their hair if they are in Jannabah (sexual impurity). However if they are impure due to Menstruation or Nifass (post Natel bleeding ) then they should open their hair before doing ghusl.

4 Cases in which gusl became an Obligation

1.    Ejaculation of semen owning desire, e.g. nocturnal emission and masturbation etc. as Allah (S.W.T) said: “if you are not in a state of janabah, purity yourselves.” (Quran Suratul-Mai'dah:6)

2.    Sexual intercourse, if the penis enters fully into the vulva, even no ejaculation occurred both of them must perform gusl.  As “…between her legs and arms and penetrates her, gusl become an obligation, ejaculation happen or not. (Muslim, gusl 2007)

3.    Following menstruation, as Allah (S.W.T) “….ask you concerning menstruation, say: it is harmful thing, so keep away from [intercourse with] women during menses. (Surah al-Baqarah (2):222)

4.    Death, Umm ‘Atiyyah (R.A.A) said that: “Allah’s messenger (ﷺ) came to us when his daughter died and said: ‘wash her three time, five time… then that if you see fit, used water and sidr…..’Shroud her in it”” (Al-Sheha 2004)

The proof state if the gusl for Jumuah prayer is an obligation

                          The prophet (ﷺ) said:  “It is obligatory upon every Muslim that he perform gusl, clean the teeth moreover perfume himself on Friday if he has some.” (Al-Sheha 2004)  Furthermore, prophet (S.A.W) said: “whoever performs gusl and then proceeds to the Jumu’ah prayer and pray what was written for him …sins he committed between Friday and next will be forgiven……” (Al-Sheha 2004)

                           In conclusion, Allah (S.W.T) make the deen easy and comfortable for all the Muslim; Allah (S.W.T) says he is clean and his love cleanness and our beloved prophet (S.A.W) said: purification is equal to the half of the deen. Purification guard Muslim life throughout, to remain pure and free from impurities. May Allah (S.W.T) accept our prayer Jazakallahu khair.

                        

Bibliography

Abu Dawdu , At-Tirmidhi, Ibn Majah and Ad Daraqutni. n.d. Wudhu.

Ahmad, Imam. n.d. Gusl .

Al-Sheha, Abdul Rahman Abdul karim. 2004. Purification . May 2. Accessed October 24, 2018. http://www.islamhouse.com.

Al-'Uthaymin, Ibn. 2007. Rulings Regarding the wiping over socks for Purification . October 09. Accessed October 23, 2018. FIGH 102WWW.FQD 102/Rulings Regarding the Wiping Over the Socks for Purification - SunnahOnline.com.htm.

Bukhari, Sahih. n.d. Gusl.

Dawood, Sunnah Abu. Chapter 70, Hadith 179. Wudhu. Vol. Vol.1.

Fawzan, Sheikh Salah. 2005. Summary of Islamic Jurispredence. Edited by Dr. Muhammad Yahya and Dr. Main Dr. Attia Es-Sayyed Attia. Translated by Cairo Arabia For Information Technology. Vol. Volume 1. Saudi Arsbis Rayadh: Sulaiman A. Almaiman.

Guinenc, Mehmet Kirkinci and (Prof.Dr) Halil. 2017. Wudhu. November 06. Accessed October 24, 2018. http://www.questionsonislam.com.

Muslim, Sahih. Number: 0537. Book2 "Purification".

—. Number: 0538. Book2 "Purification".

—. 2007. gusl.

Quran. Suratul: Ma'idah verse: 6.

—. Suratul: Al-Wagi' ah: 79.

—. Suratul-Mai'dah:6.

(2):222. Surah al-Baqarah.