. Define perception and explain the factors that influence perception.

Surely all praise is for Allah the Load of the world. We compliment, worship Him and look for his supports. We also look for his mercy and protection from the wickedness of our own souls and to the mischief in the land because of our low level of understanding (Naft). Whomever He guides none shall mislead him or never go astray, and whomever He allows to astray none shall able to protect him or ever shall he find guidance. I abide that nobody is obliges to be worshiped but Allah (subhana watala) alone, who has no partner in return, and I testified that Muhammad (S.A.W) is His beloved slave and final messenger.  I wish grand him Allah Peace, compassion and sanctification of Allah (Subhana watala) be upon him, His entire family wives, children’s, and His companions and that those who Act upon his Sunnah with piety, compliant and good personality until the Day of Judgment.

 

                                                   An  Individual perception plays a key role in organisational behaviour and relationships Before giving the definition of perception I will first of all like to talk about the debate about perception, many academics debated that a perception is very composite mental procedure and at the same time it is of a great benefit to an individual to interact with his/her external world. So without such aptitude, we cannot act in response to the stimuli we get from the general surroundings.

 For that reason, we cannot comprehend what is going around us. For example, when an instructor give an activity to his students, the tutoring of this activity will be perceived in a different way. This point out that each an individual student will interpret or comprehend the activity be contingent on his own cognitive abilities. Some will find it easy, whereas others will find it demanding.

                                                      What is Perception..? Perception this is means perceiving, that is. Giving connotation to the particular environment within or around us. It can be defined as a procedure which comprises receiving, selecting, organising, seeing, interpreting and providing meaning to the environment around us.

                                                      In reality, perception is one of the utmost powerful factors that have a great impact on education. Likewise any other typical; perception varies from one person to another. Before moving to the definition of the term perception, it is important to start with what said:” Minds that have nothing to confer find little to perceive “. (William and Burden, 1997) Another perception is defined as.

                                                      Perception is a cognitive the procedure by which we organize and interpret our sensory impressions in order to give meaningful  to the environment. As jagged out, in a situation may be the same but the interpretation of that circumstances by two individuals may be enormously different. So Perception defined as the set of processes by which an individual come to be cognisant of an interprets information or make sense of information and coherent picture of an environment in which they live in. The perceptual process can be depicted simplistically in the following way.

Moreover, I will like to talk about the factors that Influences Perception of an individual, these are

      The Factor in Perceiver                               

      The Factor in the Situation                 

      The Factors in Target 

                                                (1)Factor in perceiver, are as follow

       I.            The Attitudes

    II.            The Motives

 III.            The Interest

 IV.            The Experience

    V.            The Expectation

                                        The Attitudes, is an Evaluative Statement or judgement regarding object, people or value. That Reflect on how you feel about something.

                                    The Motives, it reflect stimuli that affect or cause to execute particular action. The State objectives purpose perceived by the perceiver from an occasion or situation, etc.

                              The Interest, state that the power the force an attitude has towards manifestation in person behaviour. 

                              Expectation, the state that anticipation of a particular behaviour from a person. Affection what a person perceives.

                                       The Experience, the Experience and knowledge serve as basis for perception. While one’s successful Experience enhance his/her perceptive ability, Failure erode his/her self-confident.  Successful experience also helps perceiver understand stimuli with more accuracy.

                                                 2) Factor in the situation, are as following:

       I.            Time

    II.            Working setting

 III.            Social Setting

                                 Time, time perception is a construction of the brain that can also be manipulated and studied through a verities of ways experiment. The factor that affect the perception of how time passes.

       I.            Level of fatigue

    II.            Level of concentration

 III.            Depression & Happiness

The Working setting, in our structural or organisational settings, we are regularly constrained in the countenance of our state of mind (negative and positive) about the other peoples due to cultural norms or social and to the communication obstructions initiated the by status and power differentials. Therefore this may take in part explaining the continuing emphasis in recent years on training courses in social and interpersonal skills, self-awareness and personal growth.

                                                     (3)Factor in Target, The characteristics of the target that is being noticed can affect the perception. It is establish that there is a propensity to give more attention to stimuli

 These as following:

       I.            Novelty

    II.            Motion

 III.            Sound

 IV.            Size

    V.            Background

 VI.            Proximity

VII.            Similarity

                                                     The Novelty or something exceptional or peculiar ideas is likely to draw anyone’s attention. Black and White person or a person in India 

catches attention quicker.  

The Motion, person or people give more attention to move object then the stationary object. Example in wild animals went the lion show a man, the lion will approach the man with a motion.

 

                              Sound, the sound level or noise level is a physical amount measure with gauging instruments. The Loudness is psycho-physical sensation perceived by human being auditory perception or the human ear/intellect mechanism. That is not the same. Moreover, for the speech, music and other sounds system, the physical distinctive of the sound produce audible range the sensation in the listener. TV radio advertisement and advertisement.

                             The Size, the larger object is more is expected to be perceived by an individual then smaller object. Which one of the following can the reader comprehend faster? Is the big writing.

                            Background,   

                                The Proximity, proximity or geographical proximity is a significant factor formation of the groups. Aimed at the same purpose an individual behaviour may be perceived to be group behaviour.

                               The Similarities, just how an item that are similar in some way tend to be clustered together. On resemblances and differences in cultural perceptions of an individual inn an environment.

                                In conclusion, to analyze some social psychological theories that is very significant for managers to comprehend how workers “see” the world, then we will be in a better situation to facilitate a productive workplace. From above mentioned factors that can influence and prejudice our perceptions and, as a result, the knowledge of these prejudices is needed to temper and informs our perceptions. And performance appraisals, interviews assessment of loyalty, exertion and attributing to causes on specific behaviors. Perceptual errors can lead to lesser employees’ performance, low spirits and a general decline in an organizational efficacy. Jazallahu khairan kasira WA Salam.

Bibliography

Truth into Workplace Survey . (2002). Harvard Business Review, 80(2)-111-118.

E, G. (1998). Sensation and perception . San Francisco: Brookes Cole.

F., L. (1992). Organisational Behaviour . New York: MC Graw-Hill.

Heuer & F.Sanders (Eds). (1987). Perpective on perception and Action. Hills dale: NJ: Erlbaum.

William and Burden. (1997). organisational . William and burden.

Zalkind S.S and Costello, T.W. (1962). Perception . research and implication for adminstration science Quarterly, 218-235.